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Programming Paradigm — Onload Code

Programming Paradigms System Design Software Architecture
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Introduction

Programming Paradigm is an approach to problem-solving using a programming language. We can also say that it is a problem-solving method using the tools and techniques available to us by following a specific approach. Since there are so many programming languages, you should follow some strategies when implementing them. This process is named paradigms. In this article, we are going to discuss the types of programming paradigms.

Types of Programming Paradigms

1. Imperative Programming Paradigm

The ideal consists of several statements, all of which store the result after execution. It involves writing a list of instructions to tell the computer what to do step by step.

In an imperative programming paradigm, the sequence of steps is essential, because when a step is executed, a given step has different consequences based on the current values of the variables.

Features

  • Demonstration of procedural programming
  • The Procedure Program (which is also imperative) allows those instructions to be subdivided into procedures.
  • Procedures are not functions. The difference between the two is that functions provide value and procedures do not. More specifically, functions are designed to have minimal side effects and always produce the same output when the same input is provided. Procedures, on the other hand, have no return value. Their primary purpose is to perform a given task and cause the desired side effects.
  • An excellent example is a for loop. The primary purpose of a for loop is to cause side effects, and it does not provide value.

Features of Procedural Code

  • Procedural programming is excellent for general task programs.
  • Code simplicity and ease of implementation for compilers and interpreters.
  • Large books and online courses available on tested algorithms make learning the material easy.
  • The source code is portable.
  • The code can be reused in different parts of the program without the need to copy it.
  • The program flow is easy to find, as it has a top-down approach.

2. Object-Oriented Programming Model

OOP is the most popular programming model because of its unique advantages, such as code modularity and the ability to directly link real-world business issues in terms of code.

Critical features of object-oriented programming include class, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

A class is a mold or plan that creates objects.

Objects are instances of classes. Objects have properties/states and methods/behaviors. Properties are data related to the object, and methods are the actions/functions that the object can perform.

Abstraction separates the interface by providing a simplified view. Encapsulation is the process of hiding the internal implementation of an object.

Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) languages. It is a mechanism by which you can derive a class from another class, and it shares a set of attributes and methods across a hierarchy of classes. It explains how class hierarchies support code reuse, readability, and functionality.

Polymorphism is an object-oriented programming concept that refers to the ability of a variable, function, or object to take on different forms.

Programming languages with OO model implementations: Ruby, Java, C++, Python, Simula (first OOP language).

3. Parallel Processing Approach

Parallel processing is the division of program instructions into multiple processors.

A parallel processing system allows you to run a program in less time by splitting it across multiple processors.

Languages that support parallel processing include:

  • NESL (oldest)
  • C
  • C++
  • Java

4. Declarative Programming Paradigm

Declarative programming is a style of building programs that expresses logic without describing the control flow of computations.

Declarative programming is a programming paradigm that defines what a programmer should accomplish without specifying how to do it. In other words, the approach focuses on what needs to be achieved rather than instructing how to achieve it.

In this context, think of the President expressing his intentions for what he wants to happen. On the other hand, imperative programming would be like a McDonald’s shift manager, specifying exactly how to do everything from simple actions.

So the main difference is that imperative programming tells you how to do something, and declarative programming tells you what to do.

5. Logical Programming Model

The logical programming model takes a declarative approach to problem-solving. It is based on formal logic.

The logical programming model is not made up of instructions — instead, it consists of facts and clauses. It uses everything it knows and tries to come up with a world where all those facts and clauses are true. This can be used to express knowledge without relying on execution, resulting in more flexible, compressed, and understandable programs.

It enables the separation of knowledge usage from the configuration of machines without changing programs or the underlying code. It can be modified and expanded naturally to support specialized knowledge.

It can also be used for non-computer subjects that rely on logical and accurate means of expression.

6. Functional Programming Paradigm

The functional programming paradigm has been popular for some time now, especially with the rise of functional programming languages like JavaScript.

The functional programming paradigm has its roots in mathematics and is independent of language. The main principle of this paradigm is to implement a series of mathematical functions.

You write your program as a series of short tasks. All code is within a function, and all variables are within the scope of the function.

In the functional programming paradigm, functions do not change any value outside the scope of that function, and those functions do not affect any value outside their scope.

Features

  • Pure Functions: If the input array remains unchanged, the output will be a new array. In a pure function, the output depends only on the input.
  • Recursion: A recursive function calls itself when executed. This allows the function to be repeated several times, with the result being output at each stop process.
  • Reference Transparency: An expression can be replaced with its corresponding value without changing the behavior of the program. Evaluating a transparent function gives the same value for static arguments.
  • Immutable Variables: In functional programming, you cannot change a variable after it has been initialized. You can create new variables, maintaining the program’s state throughout its run.

7. Database Processing Approach

This programming system is based on data and its movement. Program statements are defined by data rather than hard-coding a series of steps.

According to Oracle, a database is usually a collection of structured information or data stored electronically in a computer system. A database is usually managed by a database management system.

Database tables are used to process and query data. Data can then be easily accessed, managed, modified, updated, and controlled.

A proper database processing approach is essential for any company or organization. This is because databases store relevant information about the company, such as employee reports, transaction reports, and salary details.

Many databases use Structured Query Language (SQL) for writing and querying data.

Conclusion

Thanks for reading the article on programming paradigms regarding system design and architecture.

Originally published at https://onloadcode.com on December 13, 2020.